Was manning our Radiology department Career Fair booth this year at Yayasan Mall wif Haji Maat.. I have fun wif him.. many students came to our booth.. lots of pamphlets given out!! Hurraayyyy.. come students, choose Radiographer as ur career!! Join our team and make a difference! ( Our team motto! )
So anyone wanna be a Radiographer? Well, just contact me and I will answer ur questions!! :P
posted by akugafi @ 10:49:00 pm
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Congratulations to Mama N Papa bear, Suzan N Elmi.. 2nd son!! Its a BOY!! Its a BOY!! Welkam to this world MD NABIL!!!
So cute!!
posted by akugafi @ 10:27:00 pm
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In Suri Seri Begawan Hospital, finally have been installed the Computed radiography ( CR ) Unit!! Hehehe.. so kewl! Although slow, we can manipulate image we have acquired using the ‘special’ cassette before printing them!! How kewl is dat??!! Am waiting fer the DR ( Digital radiography system to be in RIPAS!! )
Heres my CPD ( Continuous Professional Development ) part for the department, which I have done for the visiting students in our department. Hope they understand!! Muahaha..
PHYSICS of the Radiology department
What is X – Ray?
Is part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Is at the short – wavelength end of this electromagnetic spectrum with gamma rays.
Has penetrating power.
Not deflected in a magnetic field.
How is X – Rays produced?
2 ways:
• When fast moving electrons are decelerated resulting in the conversion of energy of some of its kinetic energy into X-Ray energy.
• Caused by the movement of an an electron between two inner shells in an atom with; difference between binding energies of these two shells emitting x-ray photon.
Both these processes occur in the target of an X-ray tube.
X – Ray tube
Design
Glass envelope
Vacuum
Cathode
Anode
Production of X-Ray
Cathode filament releases electrons.
Electrons are then accelerated across the tube by a high voltage applied between the filament and the anode.
Electrons reach anode at high speed, they have high kinetic energy which is converted into X-rays and heat.
Properties of X-Rays
1. Florescence
2. Photographic effect
3. Penetrating
4. Ionisation and excitation
5. Produce chemical changes
6. Biological effects
Fluroscence
X-Rays produce fluroscence in materials such as calcium thungstate, zinc cadmium sulphide and caesium iodide.
This produce the visible pattern on the simple screen in X-ray fluroscopy.
Fluorescence refers to the luminescence; that is the emission of light instantaneously by various kinds of stimuli.
Photographic effects
X-rays produce latent image on photographic film which can be developed to give a visible image as in an ordinary photographic latent image.
Latent image is image which is not yet visible.
Only 5 % of the image is formed by the direct action of the X-rays; remaining 95% is due to the visible and ultraviolet emitted by the intensifying screens and to which the film is more sensitive
Penetration
X-rays have penetrating power to substances that are opaque to visible light.
They are gradually absorbed the farther they pass through the object.
The amount of absorption depends on the atomic number, the density of the object ; also the energy of the x-rays
Ionization and excitation
X-rays produce ionization and excitation of the atoms and molecules of the substances through which they pass.
Experiment can be done by passing x-rays through air surrounding gold leaf electroscope.
Chemical changes
X-Rays produce chemical changes in substances they pass.
Oxidation of ferrous sulphate ( FeSO4 ) to forric sulphate is an example.
It is a way to measure the x-radiation quantity being absorbed and also is the basis of the chemical system of dosimetry
Biological effects
X-rays produce biological effects in living organisms, either by direct action on the cells or indirectly as a result of the chemical changes near to the cells.
Cells can either be damaged or killed.
Results in the organisms either injured or killed, or in the reproductive cells, the genes can undergo mutations resulting in inherited change in subsequent generations.
ULTRASOUND
Ultrasound uses the principle of pulse – echo methods.
Ultrasound or ultrasonography is a medical imaging technique that uses high frequency sound waves and their echoes. The technique is similar to the echolocation used by bats, whales and dolphins, as well as SONAR used by submarines.
Pulse echo method
A short pulse of utrasound is generated and directed as a narrow beam into the patients’ body.
Sooner or later the beam will meet at an interface between different tissues and reflections will occur.
If interface is oriented correctly at 90degrees, the reflections will return along the same path as the original pulse and maybe detected as an echo.
Components of a sonic imaging system
1. A transducer
2. An ultrasonic beam
3. A display method ( Television monitor or a cathode ray tube )
Events of ultrasound
In ultrasound, the following events happen:
The ultrasound machine transmits high-frequency (1 to 5 megahertz) sound pulses into your body using a probe.
The sound waves travel into your body and hit a boundary between tissues (e.g. between fluid and soft tissue, soft tissue and bone).
Some of the sound waves get reflected back to the probe, while some travel on further until they reach another boundary and get reflected.
The reflected waves are picked up by the probe and relayed to the machine.
The machine calculates the distance from the probe to the tissue or organ (boundaries) using the speed of sound in tissue (5,005 ft/s or1,540 m/s) and the time of the each echo's return (usually on the order of millionths of a second).
The machine displays the distances and intensities of the echoes on the screen, forming a two dimensional image.
RADIATION PROTECTION
Protection in a diagnostic radiology is designed to achieved two ends;
1. Limit the exposure of the patient to the minimum that will produce satisfactory result ( ALARA principle )
2. To protect all other persons from the useful beam and from scattered and leakage radiation.
Some are achieved by:
Limitation of field size ( Collimation )
Directing the beam
Careful preparation of patient
Use of gonad shields
Use of highest speed film emulsions and intensifying screens
Presence of only essential staff in an X-ray room during radiological examinations
Use of protective aprons or protective screens to wear or to stand behind
Use of immobilizing devices for children and adults requiring support during an examination
Provision of shielding in the walls of the X-ray room (equivalent to 1mm of lead )
Presence of only essential staff in an X-ray room during radiological examinations
Use of protective aprons or protective screens to wear or to stand behind
Use of immobilizing devices for children and adults requiring support during an examination
Provision of shielding in the walls of the X-ray room (equivalent to 1mm of lead)
Protection of early pregnancies
28 days rule
Require the radiographer to ask the patient if there is any chance she may be pregnant.
If answer is anthing other than a firm ‘no’, the date of the onset of her last menstrual period is established.
If more than 28 days previously, Radiologist or requesting clinicians are consulted.
PT – pregnancy test.
posted by akugafi @ 10:19:00 pm
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Woke up at 6am this morning, Excited a bit! Muahaha.. I don’t know why, but today is the celebration of Mauludul Rasul.
Hj Maat n me pigi walking leh. About 4.2km eh? Or is 3.5 km walk. Oh well, whatever..
Neway, pukul 630pagi atu dtg ler Hj Maat as promised to my place. I was not ready muahaha.. sinjang alum bepakai!! N then alum breakfast..
So Hj Maat parked his car at my place n we pakai my car to BSB. The celebration is held at the SOAS padang macam biasa as last previous years. We parking jauh jalkan menuju ke Jubliee Hotel ah. Fuiyoo.. payah nya cari parking, so last2 atu we just parked at one of the condominiums area there. Safe juwa keta tu..
Then we jalan kaki ke Bandar. Singgah dulu eh di Indian shop makan breakfast… muahaha.. we just ate martabak kosong.. yum yum.. if not takut kapisan masa bejalan karang muahahaha!!
Then menuju ke SOAS padang, we went to the podiums ( atu ka namanya? ) tampat lepak atu bah.. muahaha!! Sana tah kami chatting dari awal sampai habis!! Muahaha.. N guess who ada!! Hj Yusof, rupanya we sat at area Kementerian Kesihatan tia juwa!! Muahaha.. kelurusan!! Kami atu lagi gossip sal kementerian kami sendiri!! Gila, hopefully during inda mendangar kami ngumpat!! Muahaha.. Ngumpat time2 Maulud Nabi!! Muahaha
Time HM n Royal Families started bejalan turun tah kami, Hj Maat, HJ Yusof n me ke padang. Although its hot, I didn’t really feel it, I didn’t mind neway, batah sudah inda bejamur.. Lampau putih inda juwa bisai muahahaha..
Neway, we didn’t join the Kesihatan nyer gang, since we jalan atas dasar public walk mauhahaha.. not joining any group. Last2 , kami betiga ikut the sekolah apa ka, yang first in line after the Uniform personnels bebaris, woahh.. glamer la!! Muahaha.. so were wif these school children pakai baju ugama.. macam cikgu tia pulang kami ah.. muahahaha..
Neway, the walk was fun muahaha.. it was hot, but I was not tired, we were chatting all d way from start to finish, n there were drinks available throughtout the walk, free kaliah!! Ambik saja muahahaha… yehuuu..
Didn’t take a shortcut but we did finish a bit early, bila kan sampai ke SOAS padang atu eh.. mamam d Indian shop again muahahaha.. mamam Nasi beriani kambing.. yummm…
Panas badan!!
After resting 4 a while we alse went to the Parking Betingkat shops, meliyat barang2 sana. Too many foreigners there.. bukan macam dulu lagi eh.. its an Indonesian market oredi gayaknya…
I think we reached my house around 1130am. It was a fun day out.. a Religious outing.. great! Will try to do it again next year…
Wonder if I should go for my Yoga class tonitee.. muahahaha..
posted by akugafi @ 5:25:00 pm
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Artis : VINCE
Lagu : Keranamu Kasih (OST Puteri Gunung Ledang)
Kekasih jangan berduka
Yaki kita kan bersama
Hati ini satu walau jauh di mata
Ikatan cinta
Luhurnya dijiwa
Hati pujuklah perasaan
Jauhi segala keraguan
Sayang untukmu kukorbankan
Demi satu harapan
kepangkuan mu kekaasih
Keranamu kekasih
Hadirmu bagai cahaya
Damai resah dan gelora
Hati kita walau lara melanda
Asmara cinta
Tiada hujungnya
Hati pujuklah perasaan
Jauhi segala kesangsian
Cinta walau pun berjauhan
Kan ku kenang senyuman
Kerinduan ku masih
Kepada mu kekasih
Dan keyakinan ku masih
Kepadamu kekasih
I JUST LOVE THIS SONG!!!
posted by akugafi @ 5:23:00 pm
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Lets think ~ Lets share~ Lets smile ~ these are the memoirs of a ray
